🔰 Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 🔰
The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 extended to the whole of India and regulated Indian labour law so far as that concerns trade unions as well as Individual workman employed in any Industry within the territory of Indian mainland. Enacted on 11 March 1947 and It came into force 1 April 1947. It was replaced by the Industrial Relations Code, 2020.
🔹 Objectives
An act to make provision for the investigation and settlement of industrial disputes, and for certain other purposes. The objective of the Industrial Disputes Act is to secure industrial peace and harmony by providing mechanism and procedure for the investigation and settlement of industrial disputes by conciliation, arbitration and adjudication which is provided under the statute. The main and ultimate objective of this act is “Maintenance of Peaceful work culture in the Industry in India” which is clearly provided under the Statement of Objects & Reasons of the statute.
The laws apply only to the organised sector. Chapter V talks about the most important and often in news topic of ‘Strikes and Lockouts’. It talks about the Regulation of strikes and lockouts and the proper procedure which is to be followed to make it a Legal instrument of ‘Economic Coercion’ either by the Employer or by the Workmen. Chapter V-B, introduced by an amendment in 1976, requires firms employing 300 or more workers to obtain government permission for layoffs, retrenchments and closures. A further amendment in 1982 (which took effect in 1984) expanded its ambit by reducing the threshold to 100 workers.
The Act also lays down:
➖The provision for payment of compensation to the workman on account of closure or lay off or retrenchment.
➖The procedure for prior permission of appropriate Government for laying off or retrenching the workers or closing down industrial establishments
➖Unfair labour practices on part of an employer or a trade union or workers.
🔹 Applicability
The Industrial Disputes Act extends to whole of India and applies to every Industry and its various industrial establishment carrying on any business, trade, manufacture or distribution of goods and services irrespective of the number of workmen employed there in.
Every person employed in an establishment for hire or reward including contract labour, apprentices and part-time employees to do any manual, clerical, skilled, unskilled, technical, operational or supervisory work, is covered by the Act.
This Act though does not apply to persons mainly in managerial or administrative capacity, persons engaged in a supervisory capacity and drawing > 10,000 p.m or executing managerial functions and persons subject to Army Act, Air Force and Navy Act or those in police service or officer or employee of a prison.
➨ Applicability of Parent Act
◾️Trades Dispute Act
➨ Related Sections Of The Act
◾️Section 1 : Short title, and commencement
➨ Important Definitions
◾️Section 2A : Appropriate Government
➨ Any industry carried on by or under the authority of the Central Govt, or by a railway company or a Dock Labour Board, or the Industrial Finance Corporation of India Ltd, or the ESIC, or the board of trustees of the Coal Mines PF, or FCI, or LIC or in relation to any other industrial dispute, the state Government.
◾️Section 2J : Industry
The definition of Industry under the Act is taken from the Supreme Court’s judgment in Bangalore water Supply and Sewerage Board v. A. Rajappa.
🔹 Triple Test formulae The organization is Prima Facie an industry if it is
1. A systematic activity
2. Organized by co-operation between an employer and an employee
3. for the production of goods and services calculated to satisfy human wants and wishes. (not spiritual or pious in nature but inclusive of material things or services geared to seek celestial bliss)
✅ Apprentices Act, 1961: The object of the Act was the promotion of new manpower at skills and improvement and refinement of old skills through practical and theoretical training.
✅ Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970: The object of the Act was the regulation of employment of contract labour along with its abolition in certain circumstances.
✅ Employees’ provident funds and misc. Provision Act, 1952: The Act regulated the payment of wages to the employees and also guaranteed them social security.
✅ Factories Act, 1948: The Act aimed at ensuring the health of the workers who were engaged in certain specified employments.
✅ Minimum wages Act, 1948: The Act aimed at fixing minimum rates of wages in certain employments.
✅ Trade Union Act, 1926: The Act provided for registration of trade unions and defined the laws relating to registered trade unions.
✅ Environment Related Act
🎓Indian Forest Act, 1927
🎓The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995
🎓National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
🎓Noise Pollution rule, 2000
🎓Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act of 2001
🎓Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991
🎓Wildlife Protection Act of 1972
🎓Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
🎓Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
🎓Biological Diversity Act, 2002
🎓Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
🎓National Environment Appellate Authority act -1997
🎓Forest Conservation Act, 1980
